Cin’de Ortaya Cikan Ticari, Ekonomik, Tasimacilik ve Denizcilikle Ilgili Anlasmazliklarda Hangi Durumda Mahkemeye Gidilebilir?
March 23, 2009
Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti Muhakeme Usulleri Kanununun 257. maddesine gore yabanci bir firma ile Cin’de ortaya cikan ekonomik, ticari, tasimacilik ve denizcilikle alakali bir anlasmazlik durumunda eger firmalar arasindaki akitte tahkime gidilebilecegi mevcut degil ise ve anlasmazligin ortaya cikmasi sonucunda tahkime gidilmesi konusunda anlasip, anlasmazligi tahkime goturerek yazili bir anlasmaya varamadiklari bir durumda taraflar anlasmazligi Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti mahkemelerine goturebilirler.
Cin’de Ortaya Cikan Ticari, Ekonomik, Tasimacilik ve Denizcilikle Ilgili Anlasmazliklarda Hangi Durumda Mahkemeye Gidilemez?
March 23, 2009
Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti Muhakeme Usulleri Kanununun 257. maddesine gore yabanci bir firma ile Cin’de ortaya cikan ekonomik, ticari, tasimacilik ve denizcilikle alakali bir anlasmazlik durumunda eger firmalar arasindaki akitte tahkime gidilebilecegi mevcut ise veya muteakiben akitte belirtilen herhangibir tahkim organina gidilecegi belirtilerek, yazili bir cozum anlasmasina varilmissa taraflar, anlasmazligi Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti mahkemelerine hic bir sekilede getiremezler.
Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Kesinlesmiş Tahkim Karari Nihai midir?
March 19, 2009
1 Mayis 2005 tarihinde yayinlanan Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Tahkim Kurallarina (China Arbitration Rules) gşre Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde tek yetkili tahkim kurumu Çin Uluslararasi Ekonomik ve Ticari Tahkim Komisyonudur (CIETAC). En gec 180 gün icinde aciklanmasi gereken tahkim karari, tahkim organina başvuran taraflardan biri tarafindan, ayni sehirdeki Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Ara Mahkemesine (P. R. of China, Intermediate Court) götürülerek temyiz edilebilir. Mahkeme, karari tahkim organina iade ederse taraflar, tahkim organinda başvurunun tekrar görüşülmesini başlatabilirler veya uyuşmazliği Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Mahkemesine taşiyabilirler.
Yabanci Tahkim Komisyonlarinin Kararlarinin Cin’de Uygulanmasi
March 19, 2009
1 Mayis 2005 tarihinde yayinlanan Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti Tahkim Kurallarina (China Arbitration Rules) gore Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde tek yetkili tahkim kurumu Cin Uluslararasi Ekonomik ve Ticari Tahkim Komisyonudur (CIETAC). Ancak diger ulke tahkim komisyonlarinca verilmis kararin taninmasi amaciyla Cin Halk Cumhuriyeti Ara Mahkemesine (P. R. of China Intermediate Court) basvurulabilir.
Sorunlarin Tahkimde Cozumune Yer Birakmadan Onlenmesi
March 18, 2009
Tahkim, taraflar arasında çıkan uyuşmazlıkların devletin resmi yargı organları yerine, kendileri tarafından belirlenen hakemlerce çözümlenmesidir.
ÇİN’de sözleşmelerden doğan uyuşmazlıklarda “tahkim” sıklıkla kullanılan bir yoldur.
Tahkime gitmek icin uyusmazligin oncelikle usulune gore duzenlenmis bir sozlesmeden kaynaklanmis olmasi gerekliligi vardir. Diger taraftan, tahkim yolu taraflarin karsilikli rizasi ile mumkundur. Taraflar tahkim yolunu sozlesmede sart kosabilecekleri gibi, ileriki safhalarda karsilikli riza ile de tahkime goturebilir.
Ancak, tahkime basvuru asamasina gelmeden evvel alinmasi gereken pek cok tedbir bulunuyor.
Onemli olan, uyusmazligin ortaya cikmasini engelemek, zaman ve maliyet kayiplarini onlemektir.
Oncelikle sozlesme hukumleri proforma fatura veya satis kontratinda acik ve net bicimde belirlenmelidir. Akit taraflari, sozlesmeye konu olan mal ve nitelikleri, teslim ve odeme sartlari son derece acik ve dikkatli bicimde yazilmalidir. Ayrica anlasmazlik halinde iki taraf tarafindan da gecerli kabul edilerek, bu yazili akitle birlikte basvuru yapilabilecek tahkim muessesesinin ismi “Cin Uluslararasi Ekonomik ve Ticaret Tahkim Komisyonu (CIETAC)” ve detaylari bir tahkim maddesi olarak belirtilmelidir.
Uretim ve yukleme asamasinin sozlesmeye uygunlugunun denetlenmesi ÇİN’de hayati bir konudur. Dolayisiyla burada hem uretim, hem de yukleme asamalarinda alici firmanin bizzat kendi uzmanlarina kontrol ettirmesi ya da kontrol islemini Hong Kong SAR veya ÇİN’de yerlesik bulunan, ilgili konuda istigal eden, uzmanlasmis bir Turk sirketi araciligiyla gerceklestirmesi en dogru yol olacaktir.
Tekrar vurgulamakta fayda var ki, en onemli konu sorunlarin ortaya cikmasini en bastan engellemek ya da azaltmaktir. En zor durum, gidecegi noktaya ulasmis, problemleri varis gumrugunde veya alicinin mali gumrukten cekmesi sonrasi anlasildiktan sonra ortaya cikabilir. Mal bedeli, nakliye ucreti, gumruk harc ve vergileri odenmis bir ithlalat islemindeki zarar cok buyuktur ve tum zararin telafisi zordur. Istenen vasifta olmadigi tespit edilen malin mahrecine iade isleminin getirecegi ek nakliye, odenmis gumruk vergi, harc ve masraflarin kaybi olusacaktir ve ÇİN’deki tahkime gidilse bile bu kayiplarin tamaminin tazmin edilmesi hic bir zaman mumkun olamayabilir veya 180 gunu bulabilecek tahkim surecinin karara baglanmasi istenildigi kadar tatminkar olmayabilir. Ayrica Tahkim komisyonunun verdigi karar kesin olmayip, Cin mahkemelerine taraflardan birinin basvurmasi halinde tahkim surecinin tekrardan baslatilmasina hukmedilebilir, bu da mahkeme surecine 180 gun ilave edilmesi anlami tasir.
Cin Muhakeme Usulleri Kanunu – Tahkim (Ingilizce)
March 17, 2009
Chapter XXVIII Arbitration (TAHKIM Maddesi)
Article 257 In the case of a dispute arising from the foreign economic, trade, transport or maritime activities of China, if the parties have had an arbitration clause in the contract concerned or have subsequently reached a written arbitration agreement stipulating the submission of the dispute for arbitration to an arbitral organ in the People’s Republic of China handling cases involving foreign element, or to any other arbitral body, they may not bring an action in a people’s court.
If the parties have not had an arbitration clause in the contract concerned or have not subsequently reached a written arbitration agreement, they may bring an action in a people’s court.
Article 258 If a party has applied for property preservation measures, the arbitral organ of the People’s Republic of China handling cases involving foreign element shall refer the party’s application for a decision to the intermediate people’s court of the place where the party against whom the application is made has his domicile or where his property is located.
Article 259 In a case in which an award has been made by an arbitral organ of the People’s Republic of China handling cases involving foreign element, the parties may not bring an action in a people’s court. If one party fails to comply with the arbitral award, the other party may apply for its enforcement to the intermediate people’s court of the place where the party against whom the application for enforcement is made has his domicile or where his property is located.
Article 260 A people’s court shall, after examination and verification by a collegial panel of the court, make a written order not to allow the enforcement of the award rendered by an arbitral organ of the People’s Republic of China handling cases involving foreign element, if the party against whom the application for enforcement is made furnishes proof that:
(1) the parties have not had an arbitration clause in the contract or have not subsequently reached a written arbitration agreement;
(2) the party against whom the application for enforcement is made was not given notice for the appointment of an arbitrator or for the inception of the arbitration proceedings or was unable to present his case due to causes for which he is not responsible;
(3) the composition of the arbitration tribunal or the procedure for arbitration was not in conformity with the rules of arbitration; or
(4) the matters dealt with by the award fall outside the scope of the arbitration agreement or which the arbitral organ was not empowered to arbitrate.
If the people’s court determines that the enforcement of the award goes against the social and public interest of the country, the people’s court shall make a written order not to allow the enforcement of the arbitral award.
Article 261 If the enforcement of an arbitral award is disallowed by a written order of a people’s court, the parties may, in accordance with a written arbitration agreement reached between them, apply for arbitration again; they may also bring an action in a people’s court.
Chapter XXIX Judicial Assistance
Article 262 In accordance with the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity, the people’s courts of China and foreign courts may make mutual requests for assistance in the service of legal documents, in investigation and collection of evidence or in other litigation actions.
The people’s court shall not render the assistance requested by a foreign court, if it impairs the sovereignty, security or social and public interest of the People’s Republic of China.
Article 263 The request for the providing of judicial assistance shall be effected through channels provided in the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China; in the absence of such treaties, they shall be effected through diplomatic channels.
A foreign embassy or consulate accredited to the People’s Republic of China may serve documents on its citizens and make investigations and collect evidence among them, provided that the laws of the People’s Republic of China are not violated and no compulsory measures are taken.
Except for the conditions provided in the preceding paragraph, no foreign organization or individual may, without the consent of the competent authorities of the People’s Republic of China, serve documents or make investigations and collect evidence within the territory of the People’s Republic of China.
Article 264 The letter of request for judicial assistance and its annexes sent by a foreign court to a people’s court shall be appended with a Chinese translation or a text in any other language or languages specified in the relevant international treaties.
The letter of request and its annexes sent to a foreign court by a people’s court for judicial assistance shall be appended with a translation in the language of that country or a text in any other language or languages specified in the relevant international treaties.
Article 265 The judicial assistance provided by the people’s courts shall be rendered in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China. If a special form of judicial assistance is requested by a foreign court, it may also be rendered, provided that the special form requested does not contradict the laws of the People’s Republic of China.
Article 266 If a party applies for enforcement of a legally effective judgment or written order made by a people’s court, and the opposite party or his property is not within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the applicant may directly apply for recognition and enforcement to the foreign court which has jurisdiction. The people’s court may also, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the international treaties concluded or acceded to by China, or with the principle of reciprocity, request recognition and enforcement by the foreign court.
If a party applies for enforcement of a legally effective arbitral award made by an arbitral organ in the People’s Republic of China handling cases involving foreign element and the opposite party or his property is not within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, he may directly apply for recognition and enforcement of the award to the foreign court which has jurisdiction.
Article 267 If a legally effective judgment or written order made by a foreign court requires recognition and enforcement by a people’s court of the People’s Republic of China, the party concerned may directly apply for recognition and enforcement to the intermediate people’s court of the People’s Republic of China which has jurisdiction. The foreign court may also, in accordance with the provisions of the international treaties concluded or acceded to by that foreign country and the People’s Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity, request recognition and enforcement by a people’s court.
Article 268 In the case of an application or request for recognition and enforcement of a legally effective judgment or written order of a foreign court, the people’s court shall, after examining it in accordance with the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity and arriving at the conclusion that it does not contradict the basic principles of the law of the People’s Republic of China nor violates State sovereignty, security and social and public interest of the country, recognize the validity of the judgment or written order, and, if required, issue a writ of execution to enforce it in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law; if the application or request contradicts the basic principles of the law of the People’s Republic of China or violates State sovereignty, security and social and public interest of the country, the people’s court shall not recognize and enforce it.
Article 269 If an award made by a foreign arbitral organ requires the recognition and enforcement by a people’s court of the People’s Republic of China, the party concerned shall directly apply to the intermediate people’s court of the place where the party subjected to enforcement has his domicile or where his property is located. The people’s court shall deal with the matter in accordance with the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity.
Article 270 This Law shall come into force as of the date of promulgation, and the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China (for Trial Implementation) shall be abrogated simultaneously.
Yabancı Yatırım Projelerinin Onaylanmasına Dair Değişiklik
March 13, 2009
ÇİN Halk Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı yabancı yatırım projelerinin onaylanma surecini kolaylaştırdı. Buna göre yerel yönetimler 100 milyon dolarin altindaki yabancı yatırım projelerini onaylama yetkisine haiz oldular.
Eski düzenlemelere göre, tüm yabancı sermaye yatırım projeleri ÇİN Ticaret Bakanlığının onayından geçmekteydi.
İş Anlaşmazlıkları Artıyor
March 3, 2009
ÇİN 2008 yılı başında tamamen yenilenmiş “İş Akdi Yasasını” yürürlüğe soktu.
Aradan gecen 1 seneyi aşkın periyodun ardından, işgücü kaynaklı davalar %95 artış gösterdi.
Özellikle tekstil, ayakkabı ve oyuncak gibi katma değeri düşük ve emek yoğun üretimin kümelendiği Guangdong Eyaleti’nde is uyuşmazlıklarından kaynaklanan davaların sayısı %200′e varan artışlar gösterdi.
Küresel kriz ve işgücüne öncelik veren yeni is akdi yasası artışın ardındaki başlıca nedenler.
Özellikle Güneydoğu eyaletlerinden ithalat yapan ithalatçılarımıza çalıştıkları fabrikaların mali durumu konusunda hassasiyet göstermelerini tavsiye ediyoruz.
